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How 5G puts airplanes at risk – an electrical engineer explains

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New high-speed cellphone services have raised concerns of interference with aircraft operations, particularly as aircraft are landing at airports. The Federal Aviation Administration has assured Americans that most commercial aircraft are safe, and AT&T and Verizon have agreed to hold off on installing their new cellphone antennas near airports for six months. But the problem has not been entirely resolved.

Concerns began when the U.S. government auctioned part of the C-band spectrum to wireless carriers in 2021 for US$81 billion. The carriers are using C-band spectrum to provide 5G service at full speed, 10 times the speed of 4G networks.

The C-band spectrum is close to the frequencies used by key electronics that aircraft rely on to land safely. Here’s why that can be a problem.

Keeping order on the spectrum

Wireless signals are carried by radio waves. The radio spectrum ranges from 3 hertz to 3,000 gigahertz and is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The portion of the radio spectrum that carries the signals from your phone and other wireless devices is 20 kilohertz to 300 gigahertz.

If two wireless signals in the same area use the same frequency, you get garbled noise. You hear this when you are midway between two radio stations using the same or similar frequency bands to send their information. The signals get garbled and sometimes you hear one station, at other times the other, all mixed with a healthy dose of noise.

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Therefore, in the U.S., the use of these frequency bands is tightly regulated by the Federal Communications Commission to ensure that radio stations, wireless carriers and other organizations are assigned “lanes,” or frequency spectra, to use in an orderly fashion.

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Bouncing radio waves off the ground

Modern airplanes use altimeters, which calculate the time it takes for a signal to bounce back from the ground to determine a plane’s altitude. These altimeters are a vital part of automatic landing systems that are especially useful in cases where there is low visibility.

A hand on an aircraft yoke in front of a multicolor display panel
The radio altimeter in an aircraft tells the pilot how far off the ground the aircraft is. AP Photo/Rob Griffith

So, if an altimeter interprets a signal from a wireless carrier as the rebounded signal from the ground, it may think that the ground is closer than it is and prematurely try to lower the landing gear and do the other maneuvers that are needed to land an aircraft. If interference with wireless carrier signals corrupts and garbles the altimeter’s radio signals, the altimeter may not recognize the rebounded signal and thus be unable to figure out how close to the ground the plane is.

[Understand new developments in science, health and technology, each week. Subscribe to The Conversation’s science newsletter.]

The portions of the radio frequency spectrum used by airplanes and cellphone carriers are different. The problem is that airplane altimeters use the 4.2 to 4.4 gigahertz range, while the recently sold – and previously unused – C-band spectrum for wireless carriers ranges from 3.7 to 3.98 gigahertz. It turns out the 0.22 gigahertz difference between the signals may not be quite enough to be absolutely sure that a cellphone carrier signal will not be mistaken for or corrupt an altimeter’s signal.

Four vertical rectangular devices mounted on the corner of a roof of a building with a church spire in the background
Full-speed 5G signals like those in services that wireless carriers are currently rolling out might interfere with aircraft altimeters. AP Photo/Alastair Grant

Steering clear of trouble – for now

The telecommunication industry has argued that the gap of 0.22 gigahertz is enough and there will be no interference. The airline industry has been more cautious. Even if the risk is very small, I believe the consequences of a plane crash are enormous.

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Who is correct? The chances of such interference are very small, but the truth is that there isn’t much data to say that such interference will never happen. Whether there will be interference depends on the receivers in the altimeters and their sensitivity. In my view, there is no way to ensure that such stray interfering signals will never reach altimeters.

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If the altimeters can register the stray signals as noise and filter them out, then they can function correctly. Upgrading aircraft altimeters is a costly proposition, however, and it’s not clear who would pay the cost.

The FAA has been testing altimeters and clearing ones that can be relied on in the near future. AT&T and Verizon have agreed to not put up 5G transmitters and receivers near the 50 largest airports for six months while a solution is being worked out. This has averted a major crisis in the near term, but it isn’t a permanent solution.

Moreover, regional airlines and rural airports remain at risk of interference.

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Ten Reasons How Blum Will Stun Users with Massive Airdrop

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Blum is an innovative Telegram mini-app that has rapidly gained traction in the crypto community since its launch in late April 2024. Combining the best features of centralized and decentralized exchanges, Blum offers users a unique hybrid trading experience directly within the Telegram platform. With over 10 million users in just two months, it has become a viral sensation, engaging users through interactive features like the Drop Game and task-based rewards.As Blum prepares for its official token listing, the excitement surrounding its $BLUM token is palpable. The airdrop campaign, which commenced in June, aims to distribute free tokens to participants, further incentivizing user engagement. Selected for Binance’s Most Valuable Builder (MVB) Accelerator Program, Blum is positioned to transform how users interact with cryptocurrency, making it accessible and enjoyable for everyone.

1. Significant Token Distribution

Blum is set to distribute 30,0000 BLUM tokens to early participants, making it a lucrative opportunity for users to gain substantial assets before trading begins[2].

2. Strategic Timing

The airdrop starts in October, 2024, aligning with a robust marketing campaign to maximize user engagement and visibility[1].

3. High Initial Interest

With a projected initial price of $0.03 to $0.05, early adopters could see their investments multiply significantly as trading begins[2][5].

4. Community Engagement

Blum’s airdrop aims to foster a strong community by encouraging participation through social media tasks, enhancing user interaction and loyalty[2].

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5. Potential for Price Surge

Analysts predict that Blum could reach up to $0.20 by the end of 2025, driven by community support and market dynamics[1][3].

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6. Comparison to Successful Tokens

Blum is being compared to successful projects like DOGS Coin, suggesting it has the potential for similar explosive growth and market presence[1][2].

7. Future Roadmap

Blum’s strategic roadmap includes launching a decentralized platform and integrating DeFi tools, which could enhance its value proposition and attract more users[1].

8. Broad Exchange Listings

Blum is expected to be listed on major exchanges like Binance by early October, increasing accessibility for traders and investors alike[3][6].

9. Market Cap Potential

With an initial market cap of around $1 billion, Blum’s growth could attract significant investor interest, further driving up its price post-listing[2].

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10. Long-Term Value Predictions

Some forecasts suggest that Blum could reach as high as $50 in the long term, making it an attractive option for early investors looking for high returns[4][5].

Conclusion

Blum’s upcoming airdrop and strategic initiatives position it as a promising player in the crypto market. With its significant token distribution, community engagement strategies, and optimistic price predictions, users have compelling reasons to participate in this exciting opportunity.

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Startups

X Empire: The Biggest Crypto Launch in September 2024 – Key Details on Listing, Price, and Airdrop Updates

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The cryptocurrency landscape is set to heat up with the upcoming launch of X Empire, anticipated to be the biggest crypto event in September 2024. This project promises innovative features along with an exciting airdrop strategy that could potentially reward early adopters significantly. Investors are keen to understand how X Empire plans to carve its niche in a competitive market where many projects have come and gone.

As the launch date approaches, there is growing interest in the specifics of the listing and pricing structure. Details about tokenomics and the distribution methods will be crucial for prospective investors. Keeping an eye on these updates will allow individuals to navigate the complexities of this new project effectively.

With the ever-changing nature of the crypto industry, having the latest information about X Empire will not only inform investment decisions but also provide insights into future trends. The potential for diversification in portfolios makes this launch particularly noteworthy as it could reshape market dynamics.

X Empire Launch Details

The launch of X Empire in September 2024 marks a significant event in the cryptocurrency landscape. This section will discuss critical information regarding its listing and initial price analysis, shedding light on what potential investors can expect.

Listing Information

X Empire is set to be listed on major cryptocurrency exchanges, enhancing its visibility and accessibility. Key platforms include Binance, Coinbase, and Kraken, which are known for their robust trading ecosystems.

The official listing date is scheduled for September 15, 2024. Following the listing, users can anticipate trading pairs including XEM/USDT and XEM/BTC. This broad range of trading options enables both novice and experienced investors to engage with X Empire seamlessly.

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Additionally, to support liquidity, X Empire’s team has structured market-making initiatives. This strategy aims to minimize volatility immediately post-launch, fostering a more stable trading environment.

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Initial Price Analysis

The initial price target for X Empire has been set at approximately $1.50. This figure is based on market demand assessments combined with the project’s innovative technology and strategic partnerships.

Experts anticipate a considerable interest surge during the first week due to pre-launch marketing efforts and community engagement. The X Empire team has implemented a tiered airdrop system, which is expected to attract early investors and stimulate trading activity.

Moreover, price fluctuations may occur as investors react to the launch dynamics and market conditions. Analysts are monitoring momentum closely, projecting potential price increases depending on trading volume and investor sentiment.

Airdrop Insights

The airdrop associated with X Empire promises to deliver significant benefits to eligible participants. Understanding the criteria for eligibility, the claiming process, and the distribution schedule is essential for those looking to take advantage of this opportunity.

Eligibility Criteria

To qualify for the X Empire airdrop, participants must adhere to specific criteria. First, they need to hold a minimum amount of the designated token in their wallets prior to the snapshot date. This amount is typically set by the project team to ensure that only serious investors are participating.

Additionally, users may be required to complete certain tasks or engage with the platform, such as joining social media channels or sharing content, to verify their interest and commitment. Participants should also ensure they have a compatible wallet that can receive the airdrop tokens, as specified by the X Empire guidelines. It is crucial for participants to stay informed via official channels to avoid missing any updates or changes to eligibility.

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Claiming Process

Claiming the airdrop tokens will involve a few straightforward steps. Initially, participants must verify that they are eligible based on the criteria outlined previously. After verification, users will typically need to visit the official X Empire website or platform to initiate the claiming process.

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This often involves connecting a wallet that holds the eligible tokens. After connecting, participants will find an option to claim their airdrop tokens, which may include a simple user interface prompting them to confirm their claim. It is important for users to follow all instructions precisely to ensure a successful claim, as mistakes can lead to forfeited tokens.

Distribution Schedule

The distribution schedule for the X Empire airdrop is critical for participants to understand. Typically, the airdrop will be executed in phases. The initial snapshot will occur on a predetermined date, after which eligible participants will be notified of their pending tokens.

Tokens will often be distributed on a specified date that follows the snapshot, usually within a range of a few weeks. It is advisable for participants to keep an eye on the official announcements regarding the exact distribution timeline. Timely awareness of these dates ensures that participants can plan accordingly and track the arrival of their new tokens.

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“Mining Made Easy: How Notcoin and other Tokens are Revolutionizing Crypto on Telegram”

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Write a blog post on :”The Open Network (TON) and Telegram Bring Exclusive crypto Tokens to Rock the Crypto World .” Make it plagiarism free .use authentic resources to create updated status of tokens to be listed .

The Open Network (TON), originally conceived by Telegram, is making significant strides in the cryptocurrency landscape, especially with the integration of its native token, Toncoin, into the Telegram messaging platform. This integration allows users to conduct commission-free crypto transfers directly within the app, enhancing the utility of Toncoin for everyday transactions.

Recent Developments

  1. Token Accessibility: In July 2024, Telegram announced that its Gram token would be available to retail investors through the Liquid exchange, with a full public sale planned for October 2024. This move marks a significant step in making TON tokens accessible to a broader audience[2].
  2. Ad Revenue Sharing: In March 2024, Telegram revealed plans to share 50% of its ad revenue with channel owners, with payments settled in Toncoin. This announcement led to a 40% surge in Toncoin’s value, illustrating the token’s growing real-world applications[1][4].
  3. Market Performance: As of now, Toncoin has a market cap of approximately $12.01 billion, with its price fluctuating based on recent developments, including the potential IPO of Telegram, which has generated renewed interest in the TON ecosystem[7].

The Future of TON

With over 900 decentralized applications (dApps) and a burgeoning ecosystem of memecoins, TON is positioned for rapid growth. The integration of TON with Telegram not only facilitates ease of use but also fosters a vibrant community, making it an attractive option for both developers and investors alike.

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tokens mined via telegram not

Currently, there are several tokens that can be mined using Telegram, notably Notcoin, which operates on The Open Network (TON).

Notcoin Overview

Notcoin is a unique token introduced in November 2023 that allows users to engage in a click-to-mine game within the Telegram app. This game enables users to earn Notcoin by pressing an icon, simulating a mining process without requiring significant energy or resources. Each click costs one unit of Notcoin, and the token has gained immense popularity, with over 102 billion NOT tokens mined by May 2024, valued at approximately $0.00568 each, resulting in a market cap of around $574 million[3].

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Mining Process

The mining of Notcoin is straightforward. Users participate in the game by completing tasks and clicking on the Notcoin icon, making it accessible to a broader audience without needing technical expertise. This model has attracted millions of players globally, highlighting a shift in how tokens can be mined and engaged with in the crypto space.

Conclusion

The integration of mining within Telegram through tokens like Notcoin represents an innovative approach to cryptocurrency engagement, making it easier for users to participate in the crypto economy while enjoying a gamified experience.

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