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The Fed Is Playing with Fire

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By now, it is passé to warn that the US Federal Reserve is “behind the curve” in fighting inflation. In fact, the Fed is so far behind that it can’t even see the curve and may have to slam on the policy brakes to regain control before it is too late.

The US Federal Reserve has turned on a dime, an uncharacteristic about-face for an institution long noted for slow and deliberate shifts in monetary policy. While the Fed’s recent messaging (it hasn’t really done anything yet) is not as creative as I had hoped, at least it has recognized that it has a serious problem.

That problem, of course, is inflation. Like the Fed I worked at in the early 1970s under Arthur Burns, today’s policymakers once again misdiagnosed the initial outbreak. The current upsurge in inflation is not transitory or to be dismissed as an outgrowth of idiosyncratic COVID-19-related developments. It is widespread, persistent, and reinforced by wage pressures stemming from an unprecedentedly sharp tightening of the US labor market. Under these circumstances, the Fed’s continued refusal to change course would have been an epic policy blunder.

But recognizing the problem is only the first step toward solving it. And solving it will not be easy.

Consider the math: The inflation rate as measured by the Consumer Price Index reached 7% in December 2021. With the nominal federal funds rate effectively at zero, that translates into a real funds rate (the preferred metric for assessing the efficacy of monetary policy) of -7%.

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That is a record low.

Only twice before in modern history, in early 1975 and again in mid-1980, did the Fed allow the real funds rate to plunge to -5%. Those two instances bookended the Great Inflation, when, over a five-year-plus period, the CPI rose at an 8.6% average annual rate.

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Of course, no one thinks we are facing a sequel. I have been worried about inflation for longer than most, but even I don’t entertain that possibility. Most forecasters expect inflation to moderate over the course of this year. As supply-chain bottlenecks ease and markets become more balanced, that is a reasonable presumption.

But only to a point. The forward-looking Fed still faces a critical tactical question: What federal funds rate should it target to address the most likely inflation rate 12-18 months from now?

No one has a clue, including the Fed and the financial markets. But one thing is certain: With a -7% real federal funds rate putting the Fed in a deep hole, even a swift deceleration in inflation does not rule out an aggressive monetary tightening to re-position the real funds rate such that it is well-aligned with the Fed’s price-stability mandate.

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To figure this out, the Fed must hazard an estimate of when the inflation rate will peak and head lower. It is always tough to guess the date – and even harder to figure out what “lower” really means. But the US economy is still running hot, and the labor market, at least as measured by the plunging unemployment rate, is tighter than at any point since January 1970 (on, gulp, the brink of the Great Inflation). Under these circumstances, I would argue that a responsible policymaker would want to err on the side of caution and not bet on a quick, miraculous roundtrip of inflation back to its sub-2% pre-COVID-19 trend.

Again, consider the math: Let’s say the Fed’s projected policy path, as conveyed through its latest “dot plot,” is correct and the central bank takes the nominal federal funds rate from zero to around 1% by the end of 2022. Couple that with a judicious assessment of the disinflation trajectory – not too slow, not too fast – that foresees year-end CPI inflation moving back into the 3-4% zone. That would still leave the real federal funds rate in negative territory at -2% to -3% at the end of this year.

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That’s the catch in all this. In the current easing cycle, the Fed first pushed the real federal funds rate below zero in November 2019. That means a likely -2% to -3% rate in December 2022 would mark a 38-month period of extraordinary monetary accommodation, during which the real federal funds rate averaged -3.1%.

Historical perspective is important here. There have been three earlier periods of extraordinary monetary accommodation worth noting: In the aftermath of the dot-com bubble a generation ago, the Fed under Alan Greenspan ran a negative real funds rate averaging -1.1% for 31 consecutive months. Following the 2008 global financial crisis, Ben Bernanke and Janet Yellen teamed up to sustain a -1.9% average real funds rate for a whopping 62 months. And then, as post-crisis sluggishness persisted, Yellen partnered with Jerome Powell for 37 straight months to hold the real funds rate at -0.9%.Make your inbox smarter.SELECT NEWSLETTERS

Today’s Fed is playing with fire. The -3.1% real federal funds rate of the current über-accommodation is more than double the -1.4% average of those three earlier periods. And yet today’s inflation problem is far more serious, with CPI increases likely to average 5% from March 2021 through December 2022, compared with the 2.1% average that prevailed under the earlier regimes of negative real funds rates.

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All this underscores what could well be the riskiest policy bet the Fed has ever made. It has injected record stimulus into the economy during a period when inflation is running at well over twice the pace it did during its three previous experiments with negative real funds rates. I deliberately left out a fourth comparison: the -1.7% real federal funds rate under Burns in the early 1970s. We know how that ended. And I also left out any mention of the Fed’s equally aggressive balance-sheet expansion.

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By now, it is passé to warn that the Fed is “behind the curve.” In fact, the Fed is so far behind that it can’t even see the curve. Its dot plots, not only for this year but also for 2023 and 2024, don’t do justice to the extent of monetary tightening that most likely will be required as the Fed scrambles to bring inflation back under control. In the meantime, financial markets are in for a very rude awakening.

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Analysis

The Government Shutdown’s Data Gap Is Pushing the US Economy Toward a Cliff

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Discussing the U.S. economy is like piloting a sophisticated aircraft through a treacherous mountain pass. Success depends entirely on a constant stream of reliable data from the cockpit instruments. Today, in a stunning act of self-sabotage, Washington has smashed those instruments. The government shutdown economic data gap has plunged us into a statistical blackout, and the US economic outlook is obscured not by external forces, but by our own dysfunction.

This is not a passive statistical inconvenience. This economic data blind spot is an active, high-stakes threat. By failing to fund the basic operations of government, including the Bureau of Labour Statistics (BLS) and the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), Congress has effectively forced the Federal Reserve, corporations, and investors to fly blind. This profound economic uncertainty paralyses investment decisions, chills hiring, and all but guarantees a policy error from a data-starved central bank.

The Fed’s Dilemma: Monetary Policy in a Blackout

The Federal Reserve’s entire modern mandate is “data-dependent.” Every speech, every press conference, every decision hinges on two key datapoints: inflation (the Consumer Price Index, or CPI) and employment (the jobs report).

Now, for the first time in decades, that data is gone.

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The White House has already warned that the October jobs and inflation reports may be permanently lost, not just delayed. This economic data blind spot could not come at a worse time. The Fed is at a crucial pivot point, weighing when to begin Federal Reserve interest rate cuts to steer the economy clear of a recession.

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Without the BLS data on jobs or the BEA data that feeds into inflation metrics, the Fed is trapped.

  • If they cut rates based on “vibes,” as one analyst put it, they risk reigniting inflation and destroying their hard-won credibility.
  • If they wait for clean data that may not come for months, they will be acting too late, all but ensuring the “soft landing” evaporates into a hard crash.

Fed officials themselves are admitting they are “driving in the fog.” This isn’t caution; it’s paralysis. We are forcing our central bankers to gamble with monetary policy, and the stakes are a potential recession.

Corporate Paralysis: Why the Data Gap Freezes Investment

This crisis of confidence extends far beyond the Fed. The private sector runs on the same official government data. A CEO cannot approve a nine-figure capital expenditure on a new factory or a C-suite cannot green-light a major hiring spree without a clear forecast.

That forecasting is now impossible. The shutdown impact on investment decisions is direct and immediate.

  1. Risk Assessment: How can a company model its five-year plan without reliable GDP report inputs or inflation projections?
  2. Market Sizing: How does a retailer plan inventory without understanding consumer spending or retail sales data?
  3. Financing: How can a company issue bonds or seek a loan on favourable terms when investors can’t accurately price risk in this environment of economic uncertainty?

When faced with a total lack of information, businesses do not take risks. They default to the safest, most defensive posture: they delay investment, freeze hiring, and hoard cash. This widespread corporate paralysis, in and of itself, is enough to trigger the very economic slowdown everyone fears.

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The “Statistical Blind Spot” Has Real-World Consequences

This is not an abstract problem for Wall Street. The economic data blind spot is already hurting Main Street.

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The Fed’s forced “hesitancy”—its inability to cut rates due to the data blackout—means borrowing costs stay higher for longer. That small business owner trying to get a loan to manage inventory is paying a higher interest rate. That family trying to buy a home is locked out by mortgage rates that could and should be falling.

The government shutdown economic data gap is a direct tax on American families and entrepreneurs. It’s the price we all pay for a manufactured crisis that has blinded our nation’s economic stewards.

Conclusion: An Unforgivable, Self-Inflicted Wound

The cost of this government shutdown is no longer just about furloughed workers or closed national parks. The real cost is the reckless, high-stakes gamble being placed on the entire U.S. economy.

We are in a fragile economic transition, and our political leaders have just ripped the gauges out of the cockpit. This economic data blind spot is a self-inflicted wound that injects profound risk into the system, invites a recession, and punishes everyday Americans. We must demand an end to this reckless “data blackout” immediately—before our leaders fly the economy straight into the mountainside.

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The ACH Anachronism: Why the IRS Direct Deposit System is Unfit for the Digital Future of Aid

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The political siren song for immediate, blockchain-powered relief—however hyperbolic the idea of doge checks may be—is forcing a reckoning with the ageing IRS direct deposit infrastructure, a system ill-equipped for instant, mass-scale payments.

The United States government is quietly approaching a major inflexion point in its relationship with its citizens: the speed and method of its financial disbursements. While the current tax season may feature the familiar, reliable process of the IRS direct deposit, the future of federal aid—from universal basic income (UBI) pilots to targeted economic relief—demands a technological leap the Internal Revenue Service is fundamentally unprepared to make. The conflict is straightforward: the political desire for instant, transparent relief directly clashes with a legacy system, the ACH network, which is slow, prone to errors, and structurally resistant to digital innovation. The absurd, yet viral, idea of doge checks—payments tied to volatile digital assets—serves as a useful, if hyperbolic, symbol for the intense political and public pressure to adopt a 21st-century payment infrastructure.

My core argument is this: The future of federal aid hinges on transforming the slow, traditional irs direct deposit relief payment system to handle not just fiat currency, but the inevitable political pushes for digital and crypto distributions, symbolised by the far-fetched idea of doge checks. Failure to act will not only result in massive administrative costs but also undermine the effectiveness of future government interventions, leaving millions of the unbanked behind.

1: The Reliability and Limitations of Traditional Infrastructure

The sheer scale of the existing IRS direct deposit system is impressive. It can manage billions in tax refunds and, as demonstrated during the pandemic, process emergency IRS direct deposit relief payment disbursements to over 150 million Americans. This process, facilitated by the Automated Clearing House (ACH) network, is a testament to the stability of the traditional U.S. banking system.

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However, its reliability comes with severe limitations. The ACH network operates on a batch-processing schedule, meaning fund transfer is not instantaneous, often taking several business days to move from the Treasury to an individual bank account. During a crisis, this delay is not merely inconvenient; it is economically damaging, as aid meant to be immediate is delayed.

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Furthermore, the integrity of the direct deposit irs system relies on having accurate, up-to-date bank information. During the emergency stimulus payouts, the IRS struggled massively with stale bank account numbers, leading to countless payments being rejected and reverted back to slow, fraud-prone paper checks. A significant percentage of Americans remain unbanked or underbanked, forcing them to rely on costly cheque-cashing services that extract value from the very aid the government provides. Any IRS direct deposit relief payment program that relies solely on this legacy mechanism guarantees a continuation of this disparity, benefiting those already securely entrenched in the formal banking system while penalising the most vulnerable.

2: The Crypto and Novel Payment Concept

The idea of doge checks is admittedly a jest—the notion of the U.S. government issuing relief payments tied to a volatile meme coin is financially reckless and legally complex. Yet, the concept serves as a vital lightning rod for a real political and technological shift. The underlying pressure is for speed, transparency, and a system that bypasses the old banking intermediaries.

Digital payment advocates point to the benefits of blockchain technology: instant settlement, immutable records, and programmable money that could, in theory, ensure funds are spent for their intended purpose. The political allure is undeniable: immediate relief hitting digital wallets, eliminating the delays of the traditional IRS direct deposit system. Imagine a UBI pilot where funds are disbursed in real-time, 24/7, without the weekend and holiday delays inherent in the direct deposit IRS process.

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But the challenges of moving beyond the IRS direct deposit relief payment are immense. The IRS currently treats cryptocurrency as property, not currency, for tax purposes. Distributing doge checks or any stablecoin would create immediate, cascading tax complexity for every recipient, requiring the individual to track the value of the digital asset from the moment of receipt until it is spent. This would be a compliance nightmare. Moreover, the security protocols, wallet management, and key custody requirements necessary to protect the government and citizens from hacking, fraud, and lost funds are simply nonexistent within the current IRS direct deposit regulatory framework. The political noise around non-traditional payments is getting louder, but the practical infrastructure is nowhere close to ready.

3: The Path Forward: Digitizing Federal Aid

The solution is not necessarily literal doge checks but rather adopting the spirit of instant digital transfer within the safety of the fiat system. The immediate, achievable goal must be to render the slow, two-to-three-day IRS direct deposit relief payment obsolete.

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First, the direct deposit irs system must fully embrace instant payment technologies now available across major banking systems (like FedNow or RTP), allowing funds to clear and settle in seconds, not days. Second, the IRS must partner strategically with regulated digital payment providers and prepaid debit card issuers to provide easy, no-fee digital wallets for the unbanked. The focus must shift from simply gathering bank account numbers to ensuring every eligible citizen has a functional, real-time payment endpoint.

This modernisation effort is not just about speed; it’s about security. The legacy IRS direct deposit system is vulnerable to mass fraud when personal information is compromised. By migrating to modern, tokenised payment methods and leveraging state-of-the-art encryption, the IRS can drastically reduce the risk of fraud while improving service. The demand for instant, transparent funds—the core value proposition embedded within the political hype of doge checks—will not vanish. If the IRS’s direct deposit system doesn’t modernise, it risks becoming a bottleneck that strangles necessary economic aid at the moment of peak crisis.

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Conclusion

The challenge facing federal agencies is profound: to move beyond the analogue, batch-processed reality of the IRS direct deposit system and prepare for a digital-first future. The hyperbolic call for doge checks is a powerful symbol, demonstrating the public’s appetite for immediate, unencumbered funds. That political will, however disruptive, must catalyse change. The failure of the direct deposit IRS to handle the scale and speed of a modern crisis will be more than an administrative delay; it will be an economic and moral failure. The question is whether the inertia of the current system will prevail, or if the demands of future aid will force a rapid, potentially chaotic leap into digital disbursement methods, ensuring that the legacy of the doge checks concept is not a joke but a powerful catalyst for necessary technological evolution.

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Trump-Xi Truce Won’t Save the Dollar from the Yuan

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A temporary handshake in Busan cannot disguise the deeper structural erosion of dollar dominance and the steady, deliberate rise of the yuan.

When Donald Trump and Xi Jinping emerged from their October summit in Busan, markets reacted with the usual mix of relief and scepticism. Gold ticked up 1.2%, Asian equities softened, and U.S. futures wobbled—hardly the euphoric rally one might expect from what Trump called “a 12 out of 10” meeting. The deal, which paused Chinese rare-earth export controls and promised renewed soybean purchases, was hailed as a “historic truce” by the White House. Yet the muted market response told a deeper truth: investors know that this is theater, not transformation.

The core thesis is simple: this truce does nothing to alter the structural trajectory of global finance. The dollar’s dominance is eroding under the weight of U.S. fiscal excess and its own weaponization, while the yuan’s internationalisation—though gradual—is accelerating. The world is not waiting for Washington or Beijing to declare peace; it is already moving toward a multipolar currency order.

1: The ‘Trucified’ Mirage

The Busan agreement was transactional diplomacy at its most transparent. China agreed to suspend rare-earth export controls for a year, resume large-scale agricultural imports, and ease pressure on U.S. semiconductor firms. In return, Washington halved certain tariffs and promised to “re-engage” on technology licensing. Both sides declared victory, but the underlying rivalry remains untouched.

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This is not the first time markets have been asked to celebrate a ceasefire in the U.S.-China economic war. Recall the “Phase One” deal of 2020, which promised massive Chinese purchases of U.S. goods that never fully materialised. The pattern is familiar: temporary concessions, symbolic gestures, and a brief pause in escalation. What is never addressed are the structural drivers of conflict—China’s ambition to dominate advanced technologies, Washington’s bipartisan consensus on decoupling, and the geopolitical competition stretching from the South China Sea to Africa.

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The truce is a mirage because it assumes that transactional fixes can mask strategic divergence. They cannot. The U.S. is not going to stop restricting Chinese access to advanced chips, nor will Beijing abandon its push for technological self-sufficiency. Investors who mistake this truce for stability are ignoring the tectonic forces at play. The rivalry is permanent; the truce is temporary.

2: The Dollar’s Self-Inflicted Wounds

If the yuan is rising, it is not only because of Beijing’s ambition but also because of Washington’s missteps. Two structural risks stand out: fiscal profligacy and the weaponisation of the dollar.

First, the fiscal picture. U.S. federal debt has surged to over $36 trillion in 2025, according to the St. Louis Fed, up from roughly $18 trillion a decade ago. Debt-to-GDP now hovers near 125%, levels typically associated with emerging markets in crisis rather than the world’s reserve currency issuer. Investors may tolerate high debt for a time, but persistent deficits erode confidence in the dollar’s long-term purchasing power.

Second, the weaponization of the dollar has accelerated since 2014, when sanctions on Russia highlighted the risks of overreliance on the greenback. The freezing of Russian central bank reserves in 2022 was a watershed moment. Allies and adversaries alike saw that dollar assets could be rendered unusable overnight if Washington disapproved of their policies. This has spurred diversification.

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The data is clear: the dollar’s share of global foreign exchange reserves has slipped from 66% in 2015 to around 58% in 2025, according to IMF data. That decline may look modest, but in a $12 trillion reserve universe, it represents hundreds of billions shifting into euros, yen, gold, and increasingly, yuan.

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The irony is that Washington’s own policies—fiscal recklessness and sanctions overreach—are accelerating the very de-dollarisation it fears. The dollar is not collapsing, but its aura of invincibility is fading.

3: The Yuan’s Quiet Ascent

While Washington undermines its own currency, Beijing is methodically building the yuan’s global footprint. This is not a frontal assault on dollar hegemony but a patient campaign of incremental gains.

Consider trade settlement. According to DW, nearly one-third of China’s $6.2 trillion trade in 2025 is now settled in yuan, up from just 20% in 2022. This shift is particularly pronounced in energy: Chinese refiners are increasingly paying for Russian oil and Middle Eastern gas in yuan, bypassing the dollar entirely.

Financial infrastructure is another front. The Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS), Beijing’s alternative to SWIFT, now processes trillions in annual transactions. While still smaller than SWIFT, it provides a sanctions-proof channel for yuan payments. At the same time, the digital yuan is being piloted in cross-border settlements, offering a programmable, state-backed alternative to dollar clearing.

Foreign holdings of yuan assets are also climbing. SWIFT data shows the yuan recently overtook the Japanese yen to become the fourth most-used currency in global payments, with a record 4.6% share. That may seem small compared to the dollar’s 40%+ share, but the trajectory is unmistakable.

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The constraint, of course, remains China’s capital account controls. Beijing is unwilling to fully liberalize for fear of destabilizing capital flight. Yet even within these limits, yuan internationalization is advancing. Currency swaps with over 40 central banks, commodity contracts priced in yuan, and the steady rise of yuan-denominated bonds in Hong Kong all point to a currency whose global role is expanding, not retreating.

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The yuan will not replace the dollar tomorrow. But its ascent is relentless—and irreversible.

4: The Path to a Multipolar Currency World

The real story is not a binary contest between dollar and yuan but the emergence of a multipolar currency system. The euro remains a formidable reserve currency, accounting for roughly 20% of global reserves. Emerging markets are increasingly settling trade in local currencies, while BRICS+ nations are openly discussing alternatives to the dollar in energy trade. The yuan is the most dynamic challenger, but it is part of a broader trend: the fragmentation of global finance into overlapping blocs. The unipolar dollar era is ending; the multipolar era is beginning.

Conclusion

The Trump-Xi truce is a headline, not a turning point. The forces reshaping global finance are structural, not cyclical. America’s debt addiction and sanctions diplomacy are eroding trust in the dollar, while China’s deliberate yuan strategy is bearing fruit. The result will not be a sudden dethronement but a gradual rebalancing toward a multipolar currency world.

Policymakers in Washington may celebrate temporary truces, but investors should look past the photo ops. The dollar’s dominance is no longer guaranteed. The yuan’s rise is not a question of if, but how fast.

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